Feminist Readings
Who? Virginia Woolf, Simone de
Beauvoir, Betty Friedan, Gilbert & Gubar
When? 1920’s – onwards (really kicking off
in the 1960’s)
What?
This page follows from the Reading Practices and Resistant
Readings pages where the idea of a Reading is discussed. Read those first
before you read this one.
Feminist readers make an important distinction between the
terms ‘gender’ and ‘sex’. For them ‘sex’ is a biological term that refers to
the biological differences that really do exist between men and women.
‘Gender’, however, refers to our prejudices and assumptions about which traits
or characteristics are usually thought of as male / masculine or female /
feminine. Feminist readers point out that the idea that women naturally really
are more emotional, caring, irrational and afraid of spiders is nonsense and
that this is just a ‘gender role’ that
has been created by society and which women are often forced to try and fill.
Equally, the notion that men are strong, silent, rational
and equipped with innate instincts for spider combat is equally nonsense.
However, once again, men are also, usually, forced to fulfil these roles. The
assumption underlying feminism is that, if we were not forced to play a role
that has been artificially created or constructed for us by society then we
would be free to be whatever we want to be.
These ‘gender roles’ are present throughout our novels,
plays, poems and movies and we are so used to them and comfortable with them
that we often just accept them as true and believe that they represent the way
the world really is. Feminist readings of texts attempt to reveal these biases,
prejudices and assumptions and point out they are not ‘really true’ or
‘natural’ and that the world could be different if we would let it.
Why is this particularly important to feminists? Because
virtually every aspect of the gender role assigned to women portrays them as
weak, helpless, illogical and in need of rescue by men. If we view women in
texts and in the real world in this way then it explains why women do not have
an equal share of responsibility, power or wealth; after all, would you put
someone who was helpless or illogical in charge of your armed forces or even
give them the vote? The different male / female gender roles help to create an
imbalance of power where men are always in the more powerful positions and
women are often reduced to objects controlled by men.
So, by revealing these assumptions feminists hope that they
can be combated and that a greater equality in texts can be achieved. Why is it
important to fight against the stereotypical presentation of women in texts?
Because texts are a model for life – novels, plays, poems and movies all affect
our way of thinking about the world and what the world should be like. If our
texts are sexist then sexism will seep into our world.
Things to look out for if you are reading a text from a
feminist point of view:
Women presented as one
of four basic character types:
·
The
caring mother figure
·
The
obedient daughter
·
The
acceptable romantic partner (the wife)
·
The
mad, bad, temptress (the mistress)
These four roles reinforce the idea that women should be
passive and obey orders. The positive characters, the mother and daughter, are
meek and mild while the independent and strong mistress figure is seen as
dangerous and wrong.
Women presented in
other stereotypical ways
Female characters portrayed as helpless, weak, illogical,
emotional, passive, nurturing, caring, timid, dependent, irrational,
empathetic, gossipy, homely, sweet or romantic. As we have seen, women are not
really like this but these stereotypical representations of women help create
the ‘gender role’ that women are expected to play. If we see enough of these
roles again and again, what choice will we have but to think that this is what
a woman is like.
The two sexes
presented as a Binary Opposition:
Men and women are often presented as two complete opposites
with the male side as being somehow superior. However, the ideas of the male
and the female are interdependent. We would not have the concept male unless we
had females, or at least the idea of females, around to contrast with it. In
the same way the concept of light does not make sense unless we have the idea
of darkness. As such both sets of attributes are as important and as valuable
as each other. Men need women to make sense of themselves.
The attempt to write
in a specifically female style (ecriture feminine):
The only real difference between men and women is the
biological one. As such, in an attempt to find a style of writing that is truly
feminine, some women have decided to write about their bodies or involve their
bodies in their texts as a way of writing something that no man ever could.
Themes of childbirth, rape, mothering are all
specifically female themes. The theme of being trapped or incarcerated is often
also associated with feminist reading representing how women are ‘trapped’ in a
certain gender role.
So what do you do if you notice one of these elements in a
text? Well, as with any other literary feature, you should try to comment on what
effect it has on the text. One of the first things to consider is whether you
think the author has included these elements intentionally or not.
If the writer has unintentionally stereotyped women into,
for example, the classic four roles for women in point 1, you can point out the
sexism involved here, how this text backs up our cultural prejudices and try to
interpret the women in a different way and see what happens. This works
particularly well if you can re-interpret a wicked woman in a good way.
If the writer has intentionally included these stereotypes
(as is more likely to be the case with modern female writers) then they might
be trying to point out how restricted the lives of females are as an attempt to
draw attention to this problem.